Beberapa Diskursus Kewarganegaraan

Oleh 

Feriyansyah

Dalam beberapa referensi ditemukan beberapa diskursus kewarganegaraan, Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kajian kewarganegaraan memiliki banyak bidang kajian yang bisa dikembangkan oleh akademisi kewarganegaraan. Berikut  beberapa diskurus yang ada dalam buku Kivisto yang berjudul  diskursus kewarganegaraan dan prospek masa depan : 

1.      World citizenship/ Kewarganegaraan dunia (Heater 2002), /

Heater, Derek. 2002. World Citizenship: Cosmopolitan Thinking and Its Opponents.London: Continuum.

2.      Global citizenship/ Kewarganegaraan global (Falk 1994),

Falk, Richard. 1994. “The Making of Global Citizenship,” pp. 42–61 in Bart Van Steenbergen (ed.), The Condition of Citizenship. London: Sage.

3.      Universal citizenship/ kewarganegaraan universal (Young 1989),

Young, Iris Marion. 1989. “Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship.” Ethics, 99 (January): 250–74.

4.      Cosmopolitan citizenship/ kewarganegaraan kosmopolitan (Linlater 1998),

Linkater, Andrew. 1998. “Cosmopolitan Citizenship.” Citizenship Studies, 2(1): 23–41.

5.      Multiple citizenship kewarganegaraan ganda-majemuk (Held 1995),/

Held, David. 1995. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Cambridge: Polity Press.

6.      postnational citizenship/ kewarganegaraan pasca-nasional (Soysal 1994),

Soysal, Yasemin. 1994. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

7.      transnational citizenship/ kewarganegaraan transnasional (Johnston 2001),

Johnston, Paul. 2001. “The Emergence of Transnational Citizenship among Mexican Immigrants in California,” pp. 253–77 in T. Alexander Aleinikoff and  Douglas Klusmeyer (eds.), Citizenship Today: Global Perspectives and Practices.Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

8.      dual citizenship/dwi kewarganegaraan (Miller 1991),

Miller, Mark J. 1991. “Dual Citizenship: A European Norm?” International Migration Review, 33(4): 945–50.

9.      nested citizenship/ kewarganegaraan terbatas  (Faist 2000a and 2000b),

Faist, Thomas. 2000a. “Social Citizenship in the European Union: Residual Post- National, and Nested Membership?” Institute für Interkulturelle and Internationale Studien, Arbeitspapier Wr. 17/2000.

10.  multilayered citizenship/ kewarganegaraan berlapis (Yuval-Davis 2000),

Yuval-Davis, Nira. 2000. “Multi-layered Citizenship and the Boundaries of the ‘Nation-State.’ ” International Social Science Review, 1(1): 112–27.

11.  cultural citizenship/ kewarganegaraan cultural(Stevenson 1997),

Stevenson, Nick. 1997. “Globalization, Natural Cultures, and Cultural Citizenship.” The Sociological Quarterly, 38(1): 41–66.

12.  multicultural citizenship/ Kewarganegaraan Multikultural (Delgado-Moreira 2000),

Delgado-Moreira, Juan M. 2000. Multicultural Citizenship of the European Union. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

13.  cyber citizenship/ Kewargaan siber (Tambini 1997),

Tambini, Damian. 1997. “Universal Cybercitizenship,” pp. 84–109 in R. Tsagarousiannou, D. Tambini, and C. Bryan (eds.), Cyberdemocracy: Technology, Cities, and Civic Networks. London: Routledge.

14.  environmental citizenship/ kewarganegaraan lingkungan (Jelin 2000),

Jelin, Elizabeth. 2000. “Towards a Global Environmental Citizenship.” Citizenship Studies, 4(1): 47–63.

15.  feminist citizenship/ kewarganegaraan feminis (Lister 1997),

Lister, Ruth. 1997. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. New York: New York University Press.

16.  gendered citizenship/ kewarganegaraan bermuatan gender (Seidman 1999),

Seidman, Gay. 1999. “Gendered Citizenship: South Africa’s Democratic Transformation and the Constitution of a Gendered State.” Gender & Society, 13(3): 287–307.

17.  flexible citizenship/ kewarganegaraan flexible/ supel (Ong 1999),

Ong, Aihwa. 1999. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logic of Transnationality. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

18.  traditional citizenship/ Kewarganegaraan tradisional(Bloemraad 2004),

Bloemraad, Irene. 2004. “Who Claims Dual Citizenship? The Limits of Postnationalism, the Possibilities of Transnationalism, and the Persistence of Traditional Citizenship.” International Migration Review, 38(2): 389–426.

19.  intimate citizenship/ Kewarganeagraan keintiman (Plummer 2003), and

Plummer, Ken. 2003. Intimate Citizenship: Private Decisions and Public Dialogues. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

20.  protective citizenship/ Kewarganegaraan protektif (Gilbertson and Singer 2003) And the list could go on.

Gilbertson, Greta and Audrey Singer. 2003. “The Emergence of Protective Citizenship in the USA: Naturalization among Dominican Immigrants in the Post-1966 Welfare Reform Era.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26(1): 25–51.

Selain 20 diskursus kewargenagaraan diatas penulis juga menemukan lagi beberapa diskursus kewarganeagraan yaitu :

21.  Digital citizenship/ Kewarganegaraan Digital (Karen Mossberger)

22.  Inclusive citizenship/ Kewarganegaraan inklusif (Naila Kabeer)

23.  Social citizenship (T.H. Marshall)

Feriyansyah,  merupakan inisiator Institut Studi Kewarganegaraan